The Camera

1. Joseph Nicéphore Niépce captured the first permanent photo.
2. Louis Daguerre used a heavily polished sheet of silver-plated copper.
3. Ansel Adams is famous for Landscape Photography.
4. Three fundamental settings you need to know to be an excellent photographer is shutter speed, aperture, and ISO. 
5. The most common metering modes today are Matrix(Nikon)/Evaluative(Canon) Metering, Center-weighted Metering, and Spot Metering.
6. photographylife.com suggests that the best time to use Center-weighted Metering is when you are trying to focus on something in the middle of the frame, for example, if you were to try and take a photo of someones face with the sun behind them then Center-weighted Metering would be the best thing to use.
7. The website also suggested using Spot Metering when taking photos of birds because they only take up a small amount of space and Spot Metering only focuses on a small zone/cell. Only use Spot Metering if your focus is small.
8. The four camera modes are PROGRAM (P), Shutter Priority (TV or S), Aperture Priority (Av or A), and Manual (M)
9. The difference between Shutter Priority and Aperture Priority is because Shutter Priority you manually set the camera's shutter speed and the camera automatically picks the right aperture while Aperture Priority is the exact opposite.
10. The difference between Manual Focus and Autofocus is because Autofocus uses a motor to automatically focus on what your subject is, and Manual Focus makes it easier if you're having trouble focusing, such as dark conditions, Manual lets you focus on what Auto wouldn't.
11. I think Manual would be best if there's a group of people or several potential subjects while Auto would be best when there is an obvious subject, as to not confuse the camera.
12. You should use a flash indoors when there is a poorly lit room instead of making the ISO too high, but if you are aiming to capture details don't use too bright of a flash.
13. You can use the flash outside to overpower the sun to avoid intense shadows and hot spots, avoid environmental color casts, or to even add different colors to images with gels.
14. Using a tripod can be a good decision because it would ensure that your photo or video isn't shaky/blurry.
15. When shooting a video you should use manual focus because autofocus can be noisy when autofocusing while manual would be a silent and easy(once you get the hang of it) way to focus on a subject.
16. According to cnet.com "'A good ratio to shoot is 50 percent close-ups and extreme close-ups, 25 percent medium shots, and 25 percent wide shots,' Vitale said."
17. A histogram is a graph that, in this case, measures the luminosity, color, and exposure in a photo.
18. A low key histogram will have the "weight" on the left side of the graph and it tapers rapidly as you move toward the center.
19. A high key histogram looks like a U shape because of high contrast.
20. Clipping shows the loss of data from that region of the image.